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真空冷冻干燥技术讲解(1)

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发表于 2006-2-28 00:59:43 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式

7 j* m% l# o0 F" M, M                                                < style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 24&#46;0pt"><FONT face=宋体>真空冷冻干燥技术讲解⑴<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-comfficeffice" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
4 L' d; h  q( @6 j( x8 x< style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><FONT face=宋体><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 24&#46;0pt">上海东富龙科技有限公司张耀平</SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></FONT></P>7 W$ O+ j+ F; O+ ]. T$ S
< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56&#46;6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 56&#46;6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" align=center><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一节<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">  </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷冻干燥技术原理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
5 D( y& q5 V+ W6 H$ V+ m< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">干燥是保持物质不致腐败变质的方法之一。干燥的方法有许多,如晒干、煮干、烘干、喷雾干燥和真空干燥等。但这些干燥方法都是在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以上或更高的温度下进行。干燥所得的产品,一般是体积缩小、质地变硬,有些物质发生了氧化,一些易挥发的成分大部分会损失掉,有些热敏性的物质,如蛋白质、维生素会发生变性。微生物会失去生物活力,干燥后的物质不易在水中溶解等。因此干燥后的产品与干燥前相比在性状上有很大的差别。而冷冻干燥法不同于以上的干燥方法,产品的干燥基本上在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以下的温度进行,即在产品冻结的状态下进行,直到后期,为了进一步降低干燥产品的残余水份含量,才让产品升至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以上的温度,但一般不超过</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃。</SPAN></P>
6 V! g9 W; V  I1 J< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷冻干燥就是把含有大量水分物质,预先进行降温冻结成固体,然后在真空的条件下使水蒸汽直接升华出来。而物质本身剩留在冻结时的冰架子中,因此它干燥后体积不变,疏松多孔。在升华时冻结产品内的冰或其它溶剂要吸收热量。引起产品本身温度的下降而减慢升华速度,为了增加升华速度,缩短干燥时间,必须要对产品进行适当加热。整个干燥是在较低的温度下进行的。</SPAN></P>1 I' f( C% m9 Y; k/ _# O% [6 s
< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷冻干燥有下列优点:</SPAN></P>, A0 D9 a! r7 ?: ?+ k! F# x) j2 o. S5 ^
< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑴冷冻干燥在低温下进行,因此对于许多热敏性的物质特别适用。如蛋白质、微生物之类不会发生变性或失去生物活力。因此在医药上得到广泛地应用。</SPAN></P>
5 c, }3 l) c8 p/ ^! j* F7 b- d< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑵在低温下干燥时,物质中的一些挥发性成分损失很小,适合一些化学产品、药品和食品干燥。</SPAN></P>8 s+ L+ k5 K" A8 [
< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑶在冷冻干燥过程中,微生物的生长和酶的作用无法进行,因此能保持原来的性状。</SPAN></P>
+ `: K  F5 U% }: q- u) w  |  w. V< class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑷由于在冻结的状态下进行干燥,因此体积几乎不变,保持了原来的结构,不会发生浓缩现象。</SPAN></P>
" E5 r0 l( w7 {4 V! [<P class=MsoBodyTextIndent style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑸干燥后的物质疏松多孔,呈海绵状,加水后溶解迅速而完全,几乎立即恢复原来的性状。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
; J; Z2 I$ P. Y( Q: T<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑹由于干燥在真空下进行,氧气极少,因此一些易氧化的物质得到了保护。</SPAN></P>! r% `1 O; L: [2 s4 g3 S4 l
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑺干燥能排除</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>95-99</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">%以上的水分,使干燥后产品能长期保存而不致变质。</SPAN></P>
" @2 M0 N) m  h5 ^4 n! T<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,冷冻干燥目前在医药工业、食品工业、科研和其他部门得到广泛的应用。</SPAN></P>
, I  r; u4 H$ W- ]% y9 a7 l' k  [5 X<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt 56&#46;6pt; TEXT-INDENT: -36pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list 56&#46;6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1" align=center><B><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二节<SPAN style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> 冻干机的组成和冻干程序</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
) {# l2 @+ ]/ a<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">产品的冷冻干燥需要在一定装置中进行,这个装置叫做真空冷冻干燥机或冷冻干燥装置,简称冻干机。</SPAN></P>
- U, ?. L5 F( j$ ]<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冻干机按系统分,由制冷系统、真空系统、加热系统、和控制系统四个主要部分组成。按结构分,由冻干箱或称干燥箱、冷凝器或称水汽凝结器、制冷机、真空泵和阀门、电气控制元件等组成。图十三是冻干机组成示意图。</SPAN></P>+ b6 |, P- J. W& f  u
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;0pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /><v:shapetype id=_x0000_t75 coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"><v:stroke joinstyle="miter"></v:stroke><v:formulas><v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></v:f><v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></v:f><v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></v:f></v:formulas><v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"></v:path><o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"></o:lock></v:shapetype><v:shape id=_x0000_s1027 style="MARGIN-TOP: 16&#46;2pt; Z-INDEX: 2; LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 45pt; WIDTH: 279pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 240&#46;2pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left" type="#_x0000_t75"><v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Temp/msoclip1/02/clip_image001&#46;jpg" o:title="4"></v:imagedata><?xml:namespace prefix = w ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-comffice:word" /><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:shape></P>4 R- U) I* {  A4 E  r+ ^, n$ f
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><IMG src="http://www&#46;chinesevacuum&#46;com/upload/2005120293103&#46;jpg"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
+ m- V. z; Q$ g7 R4 Z1 v<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
; @% t( S: a: M" `. t8 c<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>; U- ~9 Y% i% O3 z
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: 89&#46;25pt; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1">                       </SPAN></SPAN></P>
) ]' H4 K6 G& W% a& n<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10&#46;5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12&#46;0pt"><FONT face=宋体> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冻干箱是一个能够制冷到-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>55</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃左右,能够加热到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>+80</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃左右的高低温箱,也是一个能抽成真空的密闭容器。它是冻干机的主要部分,需要冻干的产品就放在箱内分层的金属板层上,对产品进行冷冻,并在真空下加温,使产品内的水分升华而干燥。</SPAN></P>  N8 o" X! P9 j& B5 z
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷凝器同样是一个真空密闭容器,在它的内部有一个较大表面积的金属吸附面,吸附面的温度能降到-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃~-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>70</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃以下,并且能维持这个低温范围。冷凝器的功用是把冻干箱内产品升华出来的水蒸气冻结吸附在其金属表面上。</SPAN></P>! a5 N( c: n' ?$ ^2 ]" J$ ?# H
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冻干箱、冷凝器、真空管道、阀门、真空泵等构成冻干机的真空系统。真空系统要求没有漏气现象,真空泵是真空系统建立真空的重要部件。真空系统对于产品的迅速升华干燥是必不可少的。</SPAN></P>
. I1 o8 K) E& O! n<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">制冷系统由制冷机与冻干箱、冷凝器内部的管道等组成。制冷机可以是互相独立的二套或以上,也可以合用一套。制冷机的功用是对冻干箱和冷凝器进行制冷,以产生和维持它们工作时所需要的低温,它有直接制冷和间接制冷二种方式。</SPAN></P>
1 O" w8 t4 l3 B7 D<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">加热系统对于不同的冻干机有不同的加热方式。有的是利用直接电加热法;有的则利用中间介质来进行加热,由一台泵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">或加一台备用泵</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使中间介质不断循环。加热系统的作用是对冻干箱内的产品进行加热,以使产品内的水分不断升华,并达到规定的残余含水量要求。</SPAN></P>
  [: |& e; `' L2 F! e<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">控制系统由各种控制开关,指示调节仪表及一些自动装置等组成,它可以较为简单,也可以很复杂。一般自动化程度较高的冻干机则控制系统较为复杂。控制系统的功用是对冻干机进行手动或自动控制,操纵机器正常运转,以使冻干机生产出合乎要求的产品来。</SPAN></P>1 _: g3 K, k& S
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冷冻干燥的程序:</SPAN></P>9 M6 o' g3 H7 B: Z7 f5 b! K  p" @7 P
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑴在冻干之前,把需要冻干的产品分装在合适的容器内,一般是玻璃模子瓶、玻璃管子瓶或安瓶,装量要均匀,蒸发表面尽量大而厚度尽量薄一些;</SPAN></P>
! L# N: d7 J6 q* d: A. j2 l<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑵然后放入与冻干箱板层尺寸相适应的金属盘内。对瓶装一般采用脱底盘,有利于热量的有效传递。</SPAN></P>8 g- X- |2 P+ c5 J
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑶装箱之前,先将冻干箱进行空箱降温,然后将产品放入冻干箱内进行预冻;或者将产品放入冻干箱内板层上同时进行预冻;</SPAN></P>
. ^) E" Q- ^& _: A) P( ~7 o<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑷抽真空之前要根据冷凝器制冷机的降温速度提前使冷凝器工作,抽真空时冷凝器至少应达到-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">℃的温度;</SPAN></P>
. \: `" P; t/ {8 I<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑸待真空度达到一定数值后(通常应达到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>13Pa</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>26Pa</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">内的真空度),或者有的冻干工艺要求达到所要求的真空度后继续抽真空</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2h</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上;即可对箱内产品进行加热。一般加热分两步进行,第一步加温不使产品的温度超过共熔点或称共晶点的温度;待产品内水分基本干完后进行第二步加温,这时可迅速地使产品上升的规定的最高许可温度。在最高许可温度保持</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>2h</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上后,即可结束冻干。</SPAN></P>% a: t* D) E( `% m% x" h" ]% {% G
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">整个升华干燥的时间约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">~</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>24h</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">左右有的甚至更长,与产品在每瓶内的装量,总装量,玻璃容器的形状、规格,产品的种类,冻干曲线及机器的性能等等有关。<IMG src="http://www&#46;chinesevacuum&#46;com/upload/2005120293632&#46;jpg"></SPAN></P>
9 h9 b, C; k8 S7 m& Q  P: X<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 20pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;0pt"><v:shape id=_x0000_s1026 style="MARGIN-TOP: 6pt; Z-INDEX: 1; LEFT: 0px; MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; WIDTH: 369pt; POSITION: absolute; HEIGHT: 238&#46;15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left" type="#_x0000_t75" alt=""><v:imagedata src="file:///C:/Temp/msoclip1/02/clip_image003&#46;png" o:href="file:///D:/zhyap/冻干设备论文/真空冷冻干燥的原理&#46;files/Image14&#46;gif"></v:imagedata><w:wrap type="square"></w:wrap></v:shape></P># k, V' U; i% ~/ Q. c
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
8 O$ }1 k% G' D' _4 e<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
/ F. f6 X- t, [' o1 a<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>  ^4 ?. p5 P, J* `$ q' \- ]. [( M
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
+ c+ N" b8 T( e' T- m8 W<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>3 A2 t4 Q& Q3 j1 U
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></P>
+ b$ O  b& t- p# {: }% L/ R<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
2 o1 u+ G# t6 e" J( c; g0 L0 q<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>6 o3 i4 Q* R$ ^4 {) G
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">冻干结束后,要充入干燥无菌的空气进入干燥箱,然后尽快地进行加塞封口,以防重新吸收空气中的水分。</SPAN></P>" m! v( x0 K4 l
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2&#46;0; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-char-indent-size: 10&#46;5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在冻干过程中,把产品和板层的温度、冷凝器温度和真空度对照时间划成曲线,叫做冻干曲线。一般以温度为纵坐标,时间为横坐标。冻干不同的产品采用不同的冻干曲线。同一产品使用不同的冻干曲线时,产品的质量也不相同,冻干曲线还与冻干机的性能有关。因此不同的产品,不同的冻干机应用不同的冻干曲线。图十四是冻干曲线示意图(其中没有冷凝器的温度曲线和真空度曲线)。</SPAN><B><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
$ D. _7 }* r* q* p8 m<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></td>
7 z! C3 C9 c, o& E                                4 T% y- p/ o1 V$ _9 U
                               
5 P* D: i7 `! h6 p3 A: E% y4 L# o# s- l                                         7 K- @) p/ Y6 D: T
                                                </td>
: \/ p/ k9 B; v8 a3 [) a% @8 U! E2 ]1 o                                : j4 P' L3 x* O7 ^. ]
                        </table>( n: Y, Z; L3 ?! H( O0 K1 J
                        <table cellSpacing="0" cellPadding="0" width="98%" align="center" border="0">
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